A Family at War - The Ings Family of Breadalbane

This is a slightly rewritten version of an essay completed to fulfill a requirement of a Unit HAA107 in the Diploma of Family History at the University of Tasmania. It is built around the WWI experiences of my husband's grandfather.

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Cecil William Ings was a fortunate man, surviving two years of WWI in France in a heavily engaged battalion without any physical injuries or illnesses. After the war, despite being warmly welcomed back into his rural community and workplace, he nevertheless chose to leave and create a new life in the city.

Cecil’s grandfather, Silas Ings migrated to Australia with his family in 1856, joining relatives in Picton.^1,2 Between 1858 and 1869 The Great Southern Railway (GSR) between Campbelltown and Goulburn was under construction.³ There are indications that Silas was involved in the work. His youngest son, Edwin, was born in 1865 at “Soapy Flat” west of Jellore State Forest, where Silas held a timber licence in 1866 (sleepers for the railway?).^4,5 For whatever reason, the Ingses became a “railway family”, with all three of Silas' sons who survived to adulthood working as fettlers on the GSR.^{6 p xi,7-9} (Note that Paul Ings, great-grandson of Silas, continued the tradition and finally retired as a locomotive driver in 2011.^9,10)

Edwin was mainly based on the GSR between Goulburn and Junee, and in 1891 he married Emma Apps in Breadalbane. However their first child, Silas, was born at Gerogery, possibly in a tent in the goods yard.^{11,12,6 pp84-7} After that the family based themselves at Breadalbane near Emma’s family.^13-14 As a fettler Edwin would have spent long periods away from home and being near family would have helped Emma.^{6 pp 91-9} Cecil was their third son, born 1895.¹⁴ Then, Emma died in 1898 and Edwin would have needed her family’s support to continue working as a fettler while raising three young sons.^15-16 In 1900 Edwin married for a second time to Leah Worner, one of Emma’s cousins on her paternal, Apps, side.^17-18

William and Philadelphia Apps were among the early assisted migrants to NSW, arriving in 1839 and settling in Parkesbourne.¹⁹ Of their offspring, four sons and three daughters married and settled locally. Consequently, Cecil was related to a large fraction of the close-knit communities around Breadalbane.¹⁸ Rather than follow his Apps relations into farming, he followed his father and two Ings uncles into Railway employment as a Probationer at Breadalbane Station in 1910 and by 1915 was promoted to porter at Moss Vale station.^20,21

When Australia went to war in August 1914, unless you lived in one of the capital cities, enlistment involved a long journey.^{22 p 6} During the call for reinforcements after Gallipolli, Cecil’s older brother, Percy, travelled to Liverpool to enlist in July 1915, embarking for Egypt in November.^{23,24,25 p 1}

In August 1915, the Goulburn Military Camp was established.²⁶ With permission from his father and leave of absence from the Railway, Cecil, age 20, enlisted there on 5th December following brother Percy into the A.I.F..^{27,28 p 1}

Figure 1: Cecil Ings (left) after enlistment. (Photo in possession of Alan Law, used with permission.)

Percy arrived in Suez on 11 December 1915 and on 23 March 1916 was transferred to the 8th Machine Gun company.^{25 p 5} After completing training, the company embarked for France, arriving on 23 June. That same day Cecil, having completed basic training, embarked in Sydney with the 3rd reinforcements 55th Battalion.^{29,25 p 11} Percy’s company arrived at Morbeque on 28th June.²⁹ On 10 July his brigade took over trenches in the front-line at Bois Grenier.²⁹ Then, on 19th July the 5th Australian Division attacked towards the German positions at Fromelles and on 20th July 1916 Percy was killed in action while his company was covering the divisional retreat.^{30 chs 7 & 8, 29, 25 p 3} He had been on the front-line for ten days. Cecil was still at sea.

Figure 2: Memorial Photo of Pte. P. E. Ings. (Sydney Morning Herald, Tues 3 Oct 1916, page 3.)

Back in Australia, Edwin  received notification of Percy's death by telegram from the A.I.F.'s London HQ on 12th August 1916.³¹ One wonders how he would have felt with Percy dying so rapidly and Cecil, still not 21, approaching England and headed for the Western Front. Edwin wrote to the A.I.F. asking for details of Percy’s death. In response he was told merely that it was probably during "recent operations" in France. Later he was informed that Percy was buried in Sailly-sur-la-Lys Cemetery.^{25 pp 16 & 27} We do not know when Cecil learnt of his brother's death, but it was probably not until he received a letter from his father later in the year. For example in a published letter from Pte. J. M. McLean in England dated 29 November 1916 to Mr & Mrs C. Apps (uncle and aunt of Cecil), Pte. McLean stated he hadn’t learned of Percy’s death until he received Mrs Apps’s recent letter.³²

Cecil arrived at Plymouth 25th Aug 1916 and would have entrained for the A.I.F. training grounds on Salisbury Plain.^33,34 By 11th November he had been transferred to the 35th Battalion (“Newcastle’s Own”) along with three other recruits from the Breadalbane area.^{27 p 4,35} He may have felt lonely as the 35th Battalion was, at this time, definitely a Newcastle miner’s battalion.^{34 8-10 Mar 1920} We have no indication to which company Cecil was allotted, and no indication of what duties he performed.^{28 p 4, 36} On 21st November the battalion embarked for France.^{28 p 4&11,34}

A company in an A.I.F. Battalion was a self-contained unit. All the manual work of day to day life from fighting to trench-digging to cooking to sanitation was done by the privates.^{37 pp 48-74, 38 ch 3} Generally communication was by “runner” (another private) so when a company was in the front line, Company HQ was perforce also close to the line and Battalion HQ with the reserve company was not far behind.^{36 p8} The Company cooks brought their wagon as close to the line as possible so the food would at least be warm after being carried on foot by ration teams to the men in front line positions.^{34 16 & 27 Mar 1920} When on front line duty, everyone in the Battalion was within range of the guns, the bombers and German breakthroughs.^{34 10 & 13 Apr 1920}

The Battalion fought at Messines and Passchendaele. They successfully defended Villers-Bretonneux against the first German Attack on 4th April 1918 and captured Bray and Chapeau-de-Gendarmes during the advance on the Hindenburg Line.^39,34 During the crisis at Villers-Bretonneux “every Tom, Dick and Harry in the place - cooks, batmen, bandsmen, sanitary men, headquarters' staffs, everyone, were collected” and “the motley crowd from the town” fought in the counter attack.^{34 1 Apr 1920} Before the attack on Chapeau-de-Gendarme the cooks brought their noisy wagon right up to the attack assembly point to provide hot tea for the attackers, terrifying the attackers lest the Germans be alerted by the noise (though they were grateful for the hot tea).^{34 19 Apr 1920}

Apart from one short period of leave Cecil was with his Company from 11th November 1916 to 11th November 1918.^{28 p 11}

After the armistice, the A.I.F. was billeted in towns well away from the front.^{34 1-5 May 1920} The Battalions were broken up into “quotas” for repatriation, seemingly losing men in a rather random fashion. During this time Cecil was promoted to “Temporary Corporal” on 27 Jan 1919. He marched out of the Battalion with No. 51 Quota and on 3rd July boarded the “Prinz Hubertus” for the trip back to Australia.^{28 p11-12} He arrived home at Breadalbane Railway Station on 31st August, his twenty-fourth birthday.⁴⁰

There was a major welcoming parade on the day he arrived, and a family party a few days later. At these events he was presented with “a suitable gold medal” and “a gold albert” respectively.⁴⁰ On 5th December 1919 he was back at work on the Railway, based at Goulburn.²⁷ But on 26th May 1920 he resigned from Railway service and in the 1921 Sands Directory his address is given as Railway Parade, South Granville.^27,41 Why?

Figure 3: First Marriage of Cecil Ings. (Photo in possession of Alan Law, used with permission.)

Cecil was a typical A.I.F. volunteer, with close ties to England via his father’s family. Silas Ings (the immigrant) had seven grandsons of an age to enlist and four did so.⁴² Cecil probably enlisted in emulation of his older brother, Percy. He was not ashamed of his part in the war with the gold albert and medal on proud display in photos of his first wedding (see Figure 3). He also re-enlisted in 1939 and served in WWII.^{28 p 1} He maintained good, ongoing relationships with his family, his daughter, Betty having many fond memories of holidays with the Ings and Apps families at Breadalbane.⁴³ There may, however, have been an issue with his father.⁴⁴ There are indications Edwin could not let go of Percy’s memory. For example, in March 1921 Edwin ordered fifteen copies of the official photograph of Percy’s grave.^{25 pp 19-21} Could this, in such close-knit home and working communities, have led Cecil to feel guilty about surviving, causing him to break away from his former life and build a new life in Sydney or could he just not settle down again? Cecil displayed no overt mental damage from his war experiences, marrying twice and having five children who survived to adulthood from these marriages.⁴⁵ He lived to the ripe age of eighty-one, dying in 1976.⁴⁶

Sources

1. NSW State Archives: Persons on bounty ships to Sydney, Newcastle and Moreton Bay (Board's Immigrant Lists), NRS-5317 (Archives Resources Kit Reel 2474), Record for Silas Ings arrived 27 Jun 1856.
2. NSW State Archives: Persons on bounty ships (Agent's Immigrant Lists) NRS-5316 (Archives Resources Kit Reel 2138), Record for Silas Ings arrived 27 Jun 1856.
3. William A. Bayley, Picton-Mittagong Loop-Line Railway, Austrail Publications,  Bulli,1974, p. 10ff.; NSWrailnet, 'Main South Line', https://www.nswrail.net/lines/show.php?name=NSW:main_south, accessed 5 Sep 2020.
4. Birth Certificate of Edwin Ings, born 15 Feb 1865, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1865/005968.
5. 'Timber Licences', New South Wales Government Gazette, 11 Jan 1867, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article225472413.
6. Robin Bromby, Australian Railways: Their Life and Times, Highgate Publishing, Edgecliff, 2013, p. xi.
7. 'List of Persons employed in the Railways and Tramways on the 31st December 1893', New South Wales Government Gazette, 27 Jun 1894, p. 4127, Ancestry, accessed 16 Aug 2020, entry for Richard Ings.
8. 'List of Persons employed in the Railways and Tramways on the 31st December 1893', New South Wales Government Gazette, 27 Jun 1894, p. 4127, Ancestry, accessed 16 Aug 2020, entry for Silas Ings.
9. 'List of Persons employed in the Railways and Tramways on the 31st December 1893', New South Wales Government Gazette, 27 Jun 1894, p. 4126, Ancestry, accessed 16 Aug 2020, entry for Edwin Ings.
10. Louis Thrower, 'Last call of duty after 51 years', Goulburn Post, 2 Oct 2011, https://www.goulburnpost.com.au/story/972711/last-call-of-duty-after-51-years/, accessed 3 Sep 2020.
11. Marriage Certificate of Edwin Ings and Emma Apps, married 25 Jun 1891, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1891/002078.
12. Birth Certificate of Silas Ings, born 9 Oct 1891, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 16902/1891.
13. Birth Certificate of Percy Edwin Ings, born 3 Jul 1893, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 3977/1893.
14. Birth Certificate of Cecil William Ings, born 31 Aug 1895, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1895/021861.
15. Death Certificate of Emma Ings, died 12 Apr 1898, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1898/005459.
16. 'Breadalbane', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 21 Apr 1898, p. 4, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98677697.
17. Marriage Certificate of Edwin Ings and Leah Fanny Worner, married 3 Jan 1900, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1900/001343.
18. G. Weatherstone, Parkesbourne : A Journey into the Past, G. Weatherstone, Gunning, 1986.
19. NSW State Archives: Persons on government ships NRS-5313 (Archives Resources Kit Reel 1309), Record for William & Philadelpia Apps arrived 26 Oct 1839.
20. NSW State Archives: Railway Personal History Cards - Employees born before 1900 NRS-12922, Employment record for Cecil William Ings.
21. 'Presentation at Breadalbane', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 1 May 1915, p. 1, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98837499.
22. Bill Gammage, The Broken Years : Australian Soldiers in the Great War, Melbourne University Publishing, Melbourne, 2010.
23. K. H. Jobson, 'First AIF Enlistment Patterns and Reasons for Their Variation', Australian Defence Force Journal, no. 132, 1998, pp. 61–66.
24. 'Presentation and Send-off', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 22 Jul 1915, p. 2, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98842870.
25. Service record of Percy Edwin Ings, First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914–1920, National Archives of Australia, B2455, INGS PERCY EDWIN, p. 1.
26. 'The Depot Camp', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 14 Aug 1915, p. 2, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98843726.
27. NSW State Archives: Railway Personal History Cards - Employees born before 1900 NRS-12922, Service record of Cecil William Ings.
28. First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914–1920, National Archives of Australia, B2455, INGS CECIL WILLIAM.
29. War Diary, 8th Machine Gun Company, A.I.F., June 1916, Unit and Commander's War Diaries, First World War, Australian War Memorial, AWM4 24/13.
30. Charles Bean (Ed), Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918, Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 1921-42, https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1416844, Volume III, Chs. 7 & 8
31. 'Pte. Percy Ings Killed', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 12 Aug 1916, p. 2, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98896860.
32. 'Pte. J. M. McLean', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 3 Feb 1917 p. 2, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98878504.
33. Graham Wilson, 'The Relevance of Miscellany Administrative, Support and Logistic Units of the AIF', Sabretache, vol. 44, no. 1, 2003, p. 58-9.
34. M. E. Lyne, 'Newcastle’s Own: The Story of the Battalion', Newcastle Sun, Mar 8 1920 - May 8 1920, sec. Serial, Trove, accessed 26 Jul 1920, 9 Mar 1920 & 10 Mar 1920.
35. 'Soldier's Letter', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 9 Jan 1917 p. 4, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98878504.
36. War Diary, 35th Battalion, A.I.F., Unit and Commander's War Diaries, First World War, Australian War Memorial, AWM4 23/52.
37. Robert Stevenson, 'The Battalion: The AIF Infantry Battalion and Its Evolution', in Jean Bou (Ed) The AIF in Battle: How the Australian Imperial Force Fought 1914-1918, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 2016.
38. Gordon Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, London, Cassell Military Paperbacks, 2004.
39. Australian War Memorial, '35th Australian Infantery Battalion', https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51475, accessed 26 Jul 2020.
40. 'District News: Breadalbane', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 6 Sep 1919, p. 4, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98837499.
41. Sands Sydney, Suburban and Country Commercial Directory 1921, Sydney, 1921.
42. Alan Law, 'Alan Law Pedigree View - Ancestry.Com', https://www.ancestry.com.au/family-tree/tree/15522224/family?cfpid=275486378, accessed June 27, 2020.
43. Personal communication, Betty Mary Law nee Ings to Susan Hilary Law, conversations, 1975-2017.
44. Kathryn M. Hunter, 'Australian and New Zealand Fathers and Sons during the Great War: Expanding the Histories of Families at War', First World War Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2013.
45. Personal communication, Alan Raymond Law to Susan Hilary Law, conversations, 1975-2017.
46. Death Certificate of Cecil William Ings, died 29 Dec 1976, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1977/000485.

Pillar, Pe(e)loe, Pelow – the origin of Jacob Pillar

 I am descended from Isaac Pillar, son of Jacob and Mary Pillar who was baptised in Great Yarmouth on 25 November 1781.¹ His sister Mary Pillar, daughter and eldest child of Jacob and Mary Pillar, was baptised on 29 December 1775 in Great Yarmouth.² 

St Nicholas, Great Yarmouth, photographed by Susan Law, 2016.

This was the first Pillar/Piller entry in Great Yarmouth registers. Searching the indexes leads to a marriage for Mary’s parents, Jacob Piller and Mary White, who married on 18 June 1775 in St Michael Coslany Norwich.³ This indicates that we should be looking for Jacob’s baptism in Norwich. This is consistent with the surname distribution as until that date the Pillar surname was highly concentrated in Norwich, starting with the baptism of Isaac Pillar in 1695.⁴

St Michael Coslany Church, Norwich. Photographed by Susan Law, 2018.

On the whole the collection of Pillar/Piller entries form logical family groups, but there are gaps. Looking at Jacob’s burial entry in 1836 his age 85 indicates a birth about 1751.⁵ and there is a noticeable absence of Jacob Pillar/Piller baptisms in the appropriate time frame. There are, however, two marriages with no offspring in the records:

• Isaac Pillar and Mary Gregory, both of this parish, married on 19 Novermber 1738 in St Paul.⁶
• Isaac Pillar (widower of St Martin at Palace Plain) married Jane Yestis (of St Michael at Thorn) married on 26 Dec 1748 in St Michael at Thorn.⁷

These are the same Isaac Pillar, Mary née Gregory having been buried on 13 February 1744/5 in St Augustine churchyard.⁸ The next Pillar/Pillar record in St Martin at Palace Plain registers after the Isaac/Jane marriage was Jane Pillar’s burial (Widow, late Yestis) buried 9 July 1786.⁹

To try and cover any really queer spelling, a search was done for baptisms with Isaac and Jane as parents but no surname specified. Five entries in the registers of St Martin at Palace Plain were found:

• 25 February 1749/50, Mary Peeloe.¹⁰
• 10 November 1751, Jacob Peeloe.¹¹
• 20 October 1754, Ann Peloe.¹²
• 22 May 1757, Esther Pelow.¹³
• 3 August 1760, Joseh Peloe.¹⁴

Using the surname variants above to search, a burial for Isaac Pillar was found in the St Martin at Palace Plain records:

• 21 November 1767, Isaac Pelow.¹⁵

St Martin at Palace Plain, Norwich. Photographed by Susan Law, 2018.

This group of records looks like a family with a parish clerk and at least one parent who didn't know how to spell their surname. Not only that, but it has a Jacob born about the right time. The balance of probability is that Jacob Peeloe (baptised 1751) can be equated with Jacob Pillar (married 1775).

Note: This research was primarily done in 2008-2010.

Sources

1. St Nicholas (Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England), "Norfolk Record Office PD 28/15, Register of Baptisms/Burials 1777-1783/2," baptism of Isaac Pillar, 25 Nov 1781; FHL microfilm 1,526,328, item 3.
2. St Nicholas (Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England), "Norfolk Record Office PD 28/14, Register of Baptisms/Burials 1771-1777," baptism of Mary Pillar, 29 Dec 1775; FHL microfilm 1,526,328, item 2.
3. St Michael Coslany (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norfolk Record Office PD 16/7(W), Register of Marriages & Banns 1754-1779,"  page 83, marriage of Jacob Piller & Mary White, 18 Jun 1775; digital images(accessed 16 Jun 2010).
4. Family Search (https://www.familysearch.org); British Isles Vital Records Index (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. British Isles Vital Records Index (16xCD ROM). Second Edition. Salt Lake City, USA: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 2001.); Norfolk Transcripts Website (http://www.genealogy.doun.org/transcriptions/index.php, now defunct); FreeREG (https://www.freereg.org.uk/).
5. St Nicholas (Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norfolk Record Office PD 18/140, Register of Burials 1831-1836,"  page 240, burial of Jacob Piller, 31 Jan 1836; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ : accessed 6 May 2012).
6. St Paul (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Archdeacon's Transcripts (Norwich), "Norfolk Record Office AT Dean and Chapter 2, Archdeacon's Transcripts 1706-1811,"  marriage of Isaac Pillar & Mary Gregory, 19 Nov 1738; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ : accessed 25 Jan 2010). 
7. St Michael at Thorn (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Archdeacon's Transcripts, "Norfolk Record Office ANW 13, Archdeacon's Transcript for the year 1748-9,"  marriage transcript, Isaac Pillar & Jane Yestis, 16 Dec 1748; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ : accessed 25 Jan 2011).
8. St Augustine (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norfolk Record Office PD 185/3(S), General Register 1663-1748,"  page 144, burial of Mary Piller, 13 Feb 1744/5; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ : accessed 8 May 2012).
9. St Martin at Palace Plain (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norwich Record Office PD 12/5, General Register 1753-1791,"  burial of Jane Pillar, 9 Jul 1786; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ : accessed 16 Jun 2010).
10. St Martin at Palace Plain (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norfolk Record Office PD 12/4, General Register 1729-1752,"  baptism of Mary Peeloe, 25 Feb 1749/50; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ : accessed 16 Jun 2010).
11. St Martin at Palace Plain (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norfolk Record Office PD 12/4, General Register 1729-1752,"  baptism of Jacob Peloe, 10 Nov 1751; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ : accessed 1 Mar 2010).
12. St Martin at Palace Plain (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norfolk Record Office PD 12/5, General Register 1753-1791,"  baptism of Ann Peloe, 20 Oct 1754; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ : accessed 16 Jun 2010).
13. St Martin at Palace Plain (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norfolk Record Office PD 12/5, General Register 1753-1791,"  baptism of Esther Pelow, 22 May 1757; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ : accessed 16 Jun 2010).
14. St Martin at Palace Plain (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norfolk Record Office PD 12/5, General Register 1753-1791,"  baptism of Joseph Peloe, 3 Aug 1760; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ : accessed 16 Jun 2010).
15. St Martin at Palace Plain (Norwich, Norfolk, England), Parish Registers, "Norfolk Record Office PD 12/5, General Register 1753-1791,"  burial of Isaac Pelow, 21 Nov 1767; digital images, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ : accessed 16 Jun 2010).

“Grandad was a Pastry Cook”

 Thomas John Spall was my maternal great-great-grandfather, born in the Old Bailey area of the City of London in 1862 to Jonathan Spall and Elizabeth Arabella Paine.¹ He was the eldest of four children.²

Thomas John married Elizabeth Mary Rose in 1887 and the couple had ten children, three of whom died in infancy.^3,2 My grandfather (Edward John, 1902) was the second youngest of the seven surviving children.²

My mother seemed to spend a lot of time with her grandmother and remembered the tales her grandmother used to tell of her Indian childhood. (see "A Rifleman of the 60th"). Her grandmother also told her that her grandfather had been a pastrycook.⁴

The truth of this was proven by genealogical research with Thomas’ occupation being given as “Apprenticed to cooking” in the 1881 census and as a cook in the 1891, 1901 and 1911 censuses and the birth registrations of his children.^5,6 So if not a pastrycook per se, he was at least a cook for most of his working life and here the tale may have ended if I had not made contact with a third cousin on my Spall side in 2009.⁷

This lady had a collection of family photos, most of which she was able to identify. However there was one photo which had her stumped. This showed a fairly young man dressed in a full length white gown and a floppy white hat (see image below). I looked at it and immediately thought “cook”!

Photograph of an unknown young man with contacts to the Spall family. Original held by J. Ward.

Two of the keys to dating photographs are fashion and photographer. Fashion cannot help with this photograph, but maybe the photographer can. The photographer’s name on the photo mount is R. Hellis of Notting Hill Gate. Looking R. Hellis up on the internet it seems that one Robert Hellis had a photographic shop in Silver Street, Notting Hill by 1870.⁸ In 1887 the name of the enterprise was changed to Hellis and Son, so the photograph must have been taken before then.

At this time photographs were primarily taken on special occasions, so what special occasion occurred in the Spall family between 1870 and 1887 involving a cook? Well, if Thomas was apprenticed at the usual age (14 years) and had a standard length apprenticeship (7 years) he would have qualified as a Journeyman at the age of 21. This would have occurred in 1883 at the earliest.

I believe there is a strong possibility that this is a photograph of Thomas John Spall on the occasion of his graduation to journeyman cook, taken in the period between 1883 and 1887. So, to quote my mother, “Grandad was a pastrycook”.

Sources

1. England & Wales Birth certificate of Thomas John Spall, born 27 Oct 1862, citing 1c/39/180, Dec quarter 1862, West London registration district, West London sub-district; General Register Office, Southport.
2. Law, Susan, 'Susan Commons Pedigree View - Ancestry.Com', https://www.ancestry.com.au/family-tree/tree/52067358/family?cfpid=13296141854, Accessed 4 Sep 2023 (private tree, access can be requested).
3. England and Wales, marriage certificate for Thomas Jonathan Spall and Elizabeth Mary Rose, married 25 Sep 1887; citing 1c/262/455, Sep quarter 1887, Shoreditch registration district; General Register Office, Southport
4. Commons, Patricia P. L. M., private communication c. 2007.
5. Census record for Thomas J. Spall, aged 18, 14 Victoria Grove, South Hackney, Middlesex, 1881 England and Wales Census, The National Archives, RG11/0317/39/16; Census record for Thomas J. Spall, aged 28, 86 Mintern St, Haggerston, Middlesex, 1891 England and Wales Census, The National Archives, RG12/249/122/33; Census record for Thomas J. Spall, aged 38, 9 Marian St, Homerton, Middlesex, 1901 England and Wales Census, The National Archives, RG13/220/146/41; Census record for T. John Spall, aged 48, 71 Mintern St, Hoxton, Middlesex, 1911 England and Wales Census, The National Archives, RG14/1358/78/47, UK Census Collection, Ancestry.com, accessed 27 Jan 2009.
6. See e.g. England & Wales Birth certificate of Thomas Henry Spall, born 28 Jul 1888, citing 1c/29/113, Sep quarter 1888, Shoreditch registration district, Holywell sub-district; General Register Office, Southport; England & Wales Birth certificate of Horace William Spall, born 15 Apr 1909, citing 1c/64/482, Jun quarter 1888, Shoreditch registration district, Shoreditch north west sub-district; General Register Office, Southport.
7. Ward, J., email communications, 2011.
8. Brunning, Robert, “Robert Hellis (1835-1895): Photographer & Conjuror”, Friends of West Norwood Cemetery Newsletter, No. 87, Sep 2016, page 9, https://storage.ning.com/topology/rest/1.0/file/get/2804357498?profile=original, Accessed 2 Sep 2023.

Finding Fanny's Family - a Jewish Jigsaw

As we work back through time in our family trees, the availability of “direct” evidence (i.e. sources which directly state the answer to a research question) reduces and we must pull together all the indirect evidence we can find to build a picture of the ancestor being researched (like putting a jigsaw together without knowing the final picture). This problem often depends on the nationality or social group of an ancestor, as different countries or different religions and sects within religions kept different types of record for different life events with differing levels of detail and varying levels of survival. This is particularly so for a Jewish ancestress who married “out of the faith” and was born before registration, such as my 3xgreat-grandmother, Fanny/Frances Common nee Isaacs. Is there any way of working out who her parents were and if she had any siblings? I’ve been fortunate in being able to find a lot of indirect evidence out of which I was able to build a picture of the family Fanny came from.

The Birth Certificate of my great-great-grandfather Henry John Common indicates he was born on 4 May 1844 at 55 Rosemary Lane, Whitechapel to Henry Common and Frances née Isaacks.¹ Further research found that the marriage for Henry Common and Fanny Isaacs took place at St Leonard’s Church Shoreditch on 4 Sep 1843.² Fanny is stated to be of full age, resident in New Inn Yard and the daughter of Hyam Isaacs. The witnesses were Samuel Bailey and Sophia Isaacs. Given the shared surname, Sophia is a possible relative of Fanny’s particularly as Henry and Fanny later named one of their daughters Sophia.

I was unable to find a Fanny or Frances Isaacs in the 1841 census, but Henry and Frances Common appear in the 1851 census living in 3 Mary Street, St George in the East.³ Despite being born only 8 months after the marriage, Henry John is not the oldest child in the 1851 family having an older brother, Simon Robert, age twelve and thus born about 1839. From this I was able to find an 1841 entry for “Francis” Common age 20+ and her son Robert Common, age 18 months.⁴ I was unable to find an entry in the 1841 England and Wales census for Henry Common. Birth registrations and baptisms were found for both Simon Robert and Henry John confirming their relationship to Henry Common and Fanny Isaacs.^1,5,6,7 I was also unable to find an entry in the 1841 census for Hyam Isaacs.

1. First step towards a family group for Fanny

In 2009-10 Ancestry released the London Metropolitan Archives holdings of Church of England parish registers. In the “Marriages and Banns 1754-1938” data set you are able to search for a father’s name. Just on the off chance (after all “Fanny Isaacs” is a rather Jewish name and she might have been the only one of her family to marry “out of the faith”) I ran a search for “Hyam Isaacs” as father of a party and this threw up four matches in addition to Fanny’s marriage:⁸

• 7 Aug 1843 at Christchurch Spitalfields, Betsey Isaacs daughter of Hyam Isaacs married Charles Stephens. The witnesses were Henry Common and Sophia Isaacs
• 8 Dec 1843 at Christchurch Spitalfields, Rosetta Isaacs daughter of Hyam Isaacs married Thomas Watling. The Witnesses were Charles Stephens and Elizabeth Stephens
• 26 Nov 1849 at St John at Hackney, James Isaacs son of Hyam Isaacs married Sarah Gable. The witnesses were John Pogson and Matilda Pogson
• 25 Jul 1862 at St George in the East Church, Elizabeth Stevens, widow age 37, daughter of Hyam Isaacs married Edward Martyn. The witnesses were Petter Halverson and Frances Common

So Sophia Isaacs witnessed the marriages of Betsey and Fanny Isaacs, Fanny’s (at that time de-facto) husband, Henry Common being the other witness of Betsey’s marriage. The recently married Charles and Elizabeth (AKA Betsey) Stephens then witnessed the marriage of Rosetta Isaacs and, after the death of Charles Stephens, Frances (AKA Fanny) Common nee Isaacs witnessed the second marriage of Elizabeth (AKA Betsey) Stephens nee Isaacs. The inference to be drawn from this “cross-witnessing” is that Fanny, Betsey, Rosetta and Sophia Isaacs were closely related in some way, possibly sisters (though we have no evidence as to the name of Sophia’s father). James is another possible sibling, though not tied to the other offspring of Hyam Isaacs by witnesses.

When the same search was performed on parish registers from the City of Westminster Archives (added to the Ancestry site in 2020) a marriage for Henry Isaacs son of Hyam Isaacs to Ann Elizabeth Peach on 21 Mar 1859 at St Anne Soho was found, the witnesses being Henry Common and Frances Common nee Isaacs.⁹ Thus we have another possible sibling for Fanny.

2. Family group with siblings inferred from Church of England marriage records

Further support for the connections above comes from the marriage entry of Fanny’s daughter, Sophia Common, to Conrad Hoffman 24 Feb 1867 at St Leonard Shoreditch, the witnesses being Henry Isaacs and Frances Common.⁸

Leaving aside James Isaacs for the moment, we have a group of people of surname Isaacs who, together with their spouses, are witnessing each others’ marriages. All but one of these Isaacses are stated to be offspring of Hyam Isaacs. The odd one out is Sophia Isaacs. However there is an earlier pre-1837 marriage for Henry Isaacs, also celebrated at St Anne Soho, on 23 Mar 1835 to a Sophia Maishman.⁸ Henry and Sophia then appear together in both the 1841 and 1851 censuses (Henry aged 25+ in 1841 and 38 in 1851).^4,3 This is probably the Sophia Isaacs who witnessed the marriages and she is thus an Isaacs by marriage rather than by birth. (Incidentally Charles and Elizabeth Stevens are living in the same house as Henry and Frances Common in 1851.³)

Fitting this small group of puzzle pieces together we have 4 potential siblings, offspring of Hyam Isaacs (Henry, Fanny, Betsey & Rosetta) plus one probable (James) giving us more lines of research for finding information on Hyam Isaacs.

3. Using Church of England marriages to put Sophia in the right place

Searching the 1841 census for a Betsey and a Rosetta appearing in the same family leads us to the entry for Hyam Issaacs [sic] age 70+ (indexed as Hyam Josaus by Ancestry).⁴ The household includes Catherine age 50+, Betsy age 18, Rosa age 16, Isaac age 16 and Elizabeth age 8. This is almost certainly the family of the parents of Fanny Isaacs. Catherine (age 63) appears living on her own in the 1851 census, Hyam having died on 21 Jul 1849, at Russell Court, Blue Anchor Place, Whitechapel.^3,10 The informant for the death of Hyam was Zuss Isaacs of Spitalfields. We know that Betsy and Rosa had married by 1851, but what happened to Isaac and Elizabeth? Elizabeth is possibly the Elizabeth (age 16) residing with Zuice Isaacs (age 36, = Zuss) and his family, though she is listed as Zuice’s daughter.³ She does not appear with Syes (age 25+, =Zuss) Isaacs and his family in 1841 and is probably too old to be the daughter of Zuss’s wife (Louisa/Rachel, age 34 in 1851).^4,3 Isaac is the right age to be equated with the James son of Hyam Isaacs who married Sarah Gable (age 25 in the 1851 census, c.f. 16 in 1841).^3,4 We now have a potental set of seven siblings: Henry (c. 1812), Zuss/Zuice/Syes (c. 1815), Fanny/Frances (c. 1820), Betsy/Elizabeth (c. 1823), Rosa/Rosetta (c. 1825), Isaac/James (c. 1826) & Elizabeth (c. 1833).

4. After finding the 1841 census entry and death certificate for Hyam

At this point I would have been stuck but for the work of enthusiastic Jewish Genealogists who transliterated and published some of the records of the London Synagogues. From the marriage records of the Great Synagogue came the following two entries:¹¹

• GSM 49b/13 1799 14 July: Isaacs, Hyman s. of Isaac Galaga & Hart Fanny Frumat d. of Hirtz
• GSM 102/49 1806 20 Aug: Isaacs, Hyam: Son-in-law of a Privileged Member: Moshe Chaim; s. of Isaac Pressburg & Levy, Catherine: Daughter of a Privileged Member: Trynla d. of Leib S.G.L.

The second, 1806, marriage could easily be the parents of Fanny and the siblings listed above.

In the marriage records transliterated from the Hambro Synagogue records were the following three entries for people whose father was Hyam Isaacs:¹²

• HSM138 (15 Aug 1827): Myer [Meir] Myers, son of Hyam b. Mordecai of Gravel Lane, Houndsditch = Sarah [Sarah] Isaacs daughter of Mr Hyam Isaacs
• HSM255 (4 Dec 1836): Michael [Yechiel k/a Michael] Isaacs, son of Hayim Isaacs of Rosemary Lane = Leah [Leah] Myers, daughter of Mr Jacob Myers
• HSM257 (30 Mar 1837): Zose [Eleazer Zesman] Isaacs, son of Mr Hayim Isaacs of Rosemary Lane = Rachel [Rachel] Abrahams, daughter of Abraham our father

The last of these can be identified with Zuss/Zuice/Syes who registered the death of Hyam and “adopted” Elizabeth, the probable youngest child of Hyam and Catherine. Michael, whose father was also “of Rosemary Lane”, can be tracked through the censuses and is too old (born c. 1801) to be a child of Hyam and Catherine, but could be a child of Hyam and Fanny Hart.^4,3 By the time of the 1841 and 1851 censuses Sarah Myers née Isaacs had apparently died and Myer Myers had remarried, though three of his children predate his second marriage and must be the children of Sarah.^4,3 We do not have enough data to determine an approximate date of birth for Sarah and must just leave her as a probable child of our Hyam Isaacs.

5. After finding information in some published transliterations of Jewish Records

As these and further transliterations are gradually made available on the internet, I’ve been able to find a few more events, in particular the following curcumcision records:¹³

• 10 May 1809: Samuel (Samuel) Isaacs, son of (Hiam) of Rosemary Lane
• 28 Dec 1810: Henry H (Zvi Hirsh) Isaacs, son of (Hiam) of Ratcliffe Highway
• 21 Nov 1815: Jacob (Jacob) Isaacs, son of Hyam (Hiam) of Rosemary Lane

This Henry can be equated to our Henry who eventually migrated to the USA and who at times uses the middle name “Hyam” (Ratcliffe Highway is not far from Rosemary Lane). In addition to the relationship to “Hiam” of Rosemary Lane, I have also found and purchased the marriage certificates for Samuel (son of Hyam Isaacs to Hannah Lyon, 8 Aug 1838) and a John Isaacs (son of Hyam Isaacs to Mary Solomon, 10 Dec 1837).^14,15 John’s ages in the censuses are variable but it is not out of the ball park to identify him with Jacob.^4,3,16,17 So we now have nine children who are probably the offspring of Hyam and Catherine. In roughly birth order: Samuel (1809); Henry Hyam (1810); Zose/Zuss/etc (c. 1813); Jacob/John (1815); Fanny/Frances (c. 1820); Betsy/Elizabeth (c. 1823); Rosa/Rosetta (c. 1825); Isaac/James (c. 1826) and Elizabeth (c. 1833). We also have a probable son of Hyam and Fanny (Michael, c. 1801)) plus a possible daughter of Hyam, mother uncertain (Sarah). The final family structure built from this mixture of direct and indirect evidence is shown below.

6. With information from an ever increasing amount of online databases

Further support for this family structure comes from DNA matches for myself and my father. I have identified 18 matches who are descended from six of the eight full siblings of Fanny Isaacs enumerated above, plus one match who descends from Michael.^18,19 According to specialist researchers I am what is known as a “golden nugget” for Jewish Genealogical research.²⁰ Having just one Jewish ancestor (at the 3xgreat-grandparent level) clarifies relationships for relatives with extensive, recent Jewish ancestry where the ancestral lines are confused by endogamy within the Jewish community. To quote Douglas Adams, “glad to be of service”.

7. Support for my work from DNA matches. The green highlighted box is my ancestor, Fanny Isaacs. The yellow highlighted boxes are proposed siblings of Fanny among whose descendants I have been able to trace a DNA match.

I cannot guarantee that there will not be further additions to this family in the future, but I’m reasonably confident that the family group is accurate as far as it goes.

Sources

1. England and Wales, birth certificate for Henry John Common, born 4 May 1844; citing 2/526/491, Jun quarter 1844, Whitechapel registration district, Holgate sub-district; General Register Office, Southport.
2. England and Wales, marriage certificate for Henry Common and Fanny Isaacs, married 4 Sep 1843; citing 2/368/335, Sep quarter 1843, Shoreditch registration district; General Register Office, Southport.
3. 1851 England Census, UK Census Collection, Ancestry.com, accessed 25 Dec 2009.
4. 1841 England Census, UK Census Collection, Ancestry.com, accessed 25 Dec 2009.
5. England and Wales, birth certificate for Simon Robert Common, born 14 Nov 1839; citing 2/102/389, Dec quarter 1839, St George in the East registration district, St Paul sub-district; General Register Office, Southport.
6. St George in the East Parish Registers, St George in the East, London, England, Ancestry.com.au, accessed 19 Nov 2010.
7. Christ Church Watney Street Parish Registers, St George in the East, London, England, Ancestry.com.au, accessed 19 Nov 2010.
8. London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1938, Ancestry.com.au, accessed 25 Dec 2009.
9. Westminster, London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1935, Ancestry.com.au, accessed 26 Sep 2020.
10. England and Wales, death certificate for Hyam Isaacs, died 21 Jul 1849; citing 2/765/448, Sep quarter 1849, Whitechapel registration district, Aldgate sub-district; General Register Office, Southport.
11. Shire, Angela, Great Synagogue Marriage Records 1791-1830, Crediton, 1999.
12. Gent, Frank J., New Synagogue Records CD, Crediton, 2002.
13. Synagogue Scribes, https://synagoguescribes.com/blog/, Accessed 21 Sep 2020.
14. England and Wales, marriage certificate for Samuel Isaacs and Hannah Lyons, married 8 Aug 1838; citing 02/161/11, Sep quarter 1838, City of London registration district, General Register Office, Southport.
15. England and Wales, marriage certificate for John Isaacs and Mary Solomons, married 10 Dec 1837; citing 02/261/6, Dec quarter 1837, City of London registration district, General Register Office, Southport.
16. 1861 England Census, UK Census Collection, Ancestry.com, accessed 25 Dec 2009.
17. 1871 England Census, UK Census Collection, Ancestry.com, accessed 25 Dec 2009.
18. Ancestry ThruLines for Alfred Commons (https://www.ancestry.com.au/discoveryui-geneticfamily/thrulines/5C9DF31B-1477-4562-84BC-ED25F3066CCC?filterBy=all).
19. Ancestry ThruLines for Susan Law (https://www.ancestry.com.au/discoveryui-matches/list/080ab020-82f7-4145-bc9c-3bf177830102).
20. Legacy Family Tree Webinars, 'Dealing with Endogamy', https://familytreewebinars.com/webinar/dealing-with-endogamy/?fbclid=IwAR3GSWO1eKwU4OnenUqMUyUqAOkSjjEbjdSw4bjcoTAPD_iHHYxmjK_tZps, Accessed 13 Sep 2022.

Background to using DNA

 As a trained scientist I have no difficulty understanding the basics of the science and mathematical statistics underlying genetic genealogy, but I also do not believe in re-inventing the wheel, so I started looking for websites which demonstrated techniques to use. This blog post is a list of the sites I have found most useful and why. This is not intended to be a one-time blog post, but hopefully will grow as I come across more useful sites.

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Diahan Southard's "Your DNA Guide"

 This really set me on the right track in organising my DNA matches, grouping them by "Most Recent Common Ancestor(s)" (MRCA). Yes, I bought the book. If you want to and don't want a solid copy I would suggest purchasing the PDF version from the web site. In particular I would suggest reading the following blog posts on the site:

• DNA Triangulation: explains how to use shared matches (in Ancestry and other sites) to identify MRCAs without ploughing down to segment level,
• What is a Genetic Network: explains the concepts underlying DNA Triangulation

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DNA Painter

 Online visualisation tools for getting your head around your DNA matches (particularly for a very visual person like me). It has tools to help people with recent "non-parental events" locate themselves within a potential family tree and for those people who want to dig down to segment level in their analysis. The section I use most often is:

• The Shared cM Tool: based on the work of a group of genetic statisticians, this allows to isolate the possible relationships a certain level of common cMs can cover.

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The Genetic Genealogist

 One of the pioneers of genetic genealogy (and yes I've purchase one of his books), his blog ranges widely over the uses of DNA in genealogy. He was one of the founders of:

• The Shared cM Project: a statistical analysis of relationships and the variations in shared cM which can occur. This is the data underlying "The Shared cM Tool" (above)

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The Leeds Method

 A method for sorting out your high cM matches into genetic networks, and seeing if you have any recent pedigree collapse. Plenty of explanatory blog posts to help you.

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DNA Explained

 I've only just come across this blog via one of the best coverages of ThruLines^TM I've seen:

• ThruLines Suggests Potential Ancestors – How Accurate Are They?: explains how the "potential ancestors" feature of Ancestry trees is used to create a ThruLine, and how to use these suggestions.

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 That's all for now, folks. Good luck with your DNA matches.

The Parentage of Susan Wood

 My 4xgreat-grandparents, John Dav(e)y & Susan Wood, were married in Laughton on 19 Oct 1807.¹ John had been born in Laughton, but Susan was a "foreigner" from another village.²

Hunting through the indexes, there is only one Susan Wood baptism in the correct era – Susana Wood daughter of Daniel & Elizabeth, was born18th February 1782, her birth being registered by the Wesleyan Great Meeting House in Battle in their non-conformist register in 1789.^3,4,5 However as I've shown in another post, this is not the Susan Wood who married John Davy in Laughton.

The following documentary evidence exists for Susan Dav(e)y nee Wood:

1. Marriage 19 Oct 1807, Laughton (Approximate age 21+) > born before 1786¹
2. Census 6 Jun 1841 Brighton (age 50(-54), born Sussex) > born 1786-91⁶
3. Census 30 Mar 1851 Brighton (age 67 born "Bucksted") > born Mar 1783-Mar 1784⁷
4. Death 7 Aug 1851 Brighton (age 68) > born Aug 1782-Aug 1783⁸
5. Burial 11 Aug 1851 (age 68) > born Aug 1782- Aug 1783⁹

Susan's age is reasonably consistent implying she was born between 1782 and 1786. The change of age between the 1851 Census on 30 Mar 1851 and her death/burial in Aug 1851 (informant was her son William) could mean that she had a birthday between the census and her death.

There is only one source (the 1851 census) which gives a birthplace for her: "Bucksted". This can be identified with Buxted which is quite close to Laughton (the shortest distance between the parish boundaries pre-1844 is about 5 km from Little Streele to Terrible Down).¹⁰ Checking the SFHG index, there is a Wood family producing children in Buxted at this time (Thomas & Sarah) but no baptism for a Susan. The identified children are listed in the table below.^3,11

Child No.	Christening	Died Young?	Next Child	Gap between Baptisms
1	Philadelphia, 20 Jan 1782	No	2 Thomas	21 months
2	Thomas, 16 Oct 1783	No	3 John	33 months
3	John, 30 Jul 1786	No	4 Samuel	16.5 months
4	Samuel, 9 Dec 1787	No	5 Charlotte	22 months
5	Charlotte, 4 Oct 1789	No	6 James	19.5 months
6	James, 25 May 1791	No	7 Charles	17 months
7	Charles, 28 Oct 1792	No	8 Sarah	14.5 months
8	Sarah, 5 Jan 1794	No	9 Lucy	13 months
9	Lucy, 2 Feb 1795, bu 7 Mar 1795	Yes	10 George	27 months
10	George, 5 Jul 1797, bu 15 Jul 1797	Yes	11 George	15 months
11	George, inf bu 20 Oct 1798	Yes	12 Henry	15.5 months
12	Henry, inf bu 9 Feb 1800	Yes	13 Sarah	26 months
13	Sarah, inf bu 20 Jul 1802	Yes	14 Harriet	49 months
14	Harriet, private baptism 30 Aug 1806	No	N/A	N/A

At that time most working class women would breast-feed their children, a practice which resulted in fairly regular gaps between children of about 2 years.¹² One of the causes of short gaps between children is death of a child in infancy. There is no evidence of infant burials for any of the first eight children of Thomas & Sarah. However the next five children, starting with the ninth, all die in infancy, some so soon after birth as to not be baptized. Therefore it makes sense to look at the gaps until the birth of the ninth child (i.e. the first eight gaps) excluding gaps after the infant deaths start. Looking at the offspring of Thomas & Sarah, they are baptising a child approximately every 18 months, but there is a nearly 3-year gap from October 1783 to July 1786. To see if this is enough for an extra child I analysed the gaps between baptisms as follows:

• The average value of the first eight gaps is 19.6 months. 
• If we exclude the 33 month gap, the average of the seven remaining gaps drops to 17.6 months. 
• If we assume that there is an unrecorded baptism during the 33 month gap, then we have nine gaps for an average of 17.4 months between children.

Thus at the average rate for gaps between children borne by Sarah, there is almost certainly enough time for an extra child in the 33 month gap. The fact that this gap overlaps with the inferred range of years for the birth of Susan Wood means there is no familial obstacle to her being the child of Thomas and Sarah.

To conclude, given that Susan Wood was born in Buxted between 1782 and 1786, then there is an opportunity for her to be a child of Thomas and Sarah Wood born about March 1785 (plus or minus a few months). There is weak support for this identification from DNA because my father has a 12cM, single segment match with a descendant of Thomas's sister, Mary.¹³

Sources

1. Marriage of John David Davey and Susan Wood, married 19 October 1807, All Saints Laughton Parish Register, Laughton, Sussex, England, FHL Film 1067216.
2. Baptism of John  Davy, baptised 16 April 1786, All Saints Laughton Parish Register, Laughton, Sussex, England, FHL Film 1067215.
3. Sussex Family History Group, ‘Data Archive on Frontis, Baptism Data’, http://sfhg.frontis.co/bin/index.php, accessed 22 Apr 2021.
4. England & Wales, Non-Conformist and Non-Parochial Registers, 1567-1936, Ancestry.com.au, accessed 31 Oct 2021.
5. Birth Registration entry of Susana Wood, born 18 February 1782, The Great Meeting House, Battle, Sussex, Ancestry.com.au, accessed 23 Oct 2021.
6. Census record for Susan Wood, aged 50, 27 Crescent Cottages, Brighton, Sussex, 1851 England and Wales Census, The National Archives, HO107/1644/244, UK Census Collection, Ancestry.com.au, accessed 11 Feb 2007.
7. Census record for Susanah Wood, aged 67, Crescent Cottages, Brighton, Sussex, 1841 England and Wales Census, The National Archives, HO107/1123/5, UK Census Collection, Ancestry.com.au, accessed 11 Feb 2007.
8. Death certificate of Susannah Davey, died 7 August 1851, registered September quarter 1851, Brighthelmston registration district, General Registry Office, England, vol. 7, p. 203, no. 94.
9. Burial of Susannah Davey, buried 11 Aug 1851, St Nicholas Brighton Parish Register, East Sussex Record Office, PAR 255/1/5/10, East Sussex, England, Church of England Deaths and Burials, 1813-1995,  Ancestry.com.au, accessed 8 Jan 2023.
10. Cockin, T. C. H., The Parish Atlas of England, Malthouse Press, Barlaston, 2017.
11. Sussex Family History Group, ‘Data Archive on Frontis, Burial Data’, http://sfhg.frontis.co/bin/index.php, accessed 22 Apr 2021.
12. World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action, 'Breastfeeding & Birth Spacing', https://waba.org.my/archive/healthcare-research/breastfeeding-birth-spacing/, accessed 8 Jan 2023.
13. Ancestry ThruLines for Alfred Commons (https://www.ancestry.com.au/discoveryui-geneticfamily/thrulines/5C9DF31B-1477-4562-84BC-ED25F3066CCC?filterBy=all).

When Ancestry ThruLines™ gets it Wrong

 ThruLines is a marvellous tool for sorting out your more distant DNA connections, but it depends on the majority of people having accurate trees on ancestry (see "Getting the best out of an autosomal DNA test"). When there are a substantial number of inaccurate trees for a family ThruLines can be led astray.

In January 2021 I found a AncestryDNA^© Match with a suggested ThruLines link¹:

You and [DNA Match]
< 1% shared DNA | 6 cM across 1 segments
Unweighted shared DNA: 6 cM
Longest segment: 6 cM

Shortly after this Matches with such low cM values were cut from the results unless you had marked or noted them in some way. It was also relatively early days for ThruLines.

Figure 1 shows the relationship suggested by ThruLines with John Wickham (1737-1825) and Mary Baldwyn (1736-1825) as our Most Recent Common Ancestors (MRCAs).

Figure 1: The genetic link as proposed by ThruLines.

The late marriage is not unusual, but for a premarital child of a couple to keep their mother’s surname is. It usually indicates that the child is not the offspring of the groom. Also the middle name ‘Field’ is unexpected if the father is John Wickham.

Looking at Poor Law records:

East Sussex Bastardy Orders: Mayfield:
“1829 Dec 4 Maintenance order on Joseph FIELD, labourer tp for a bastard son of Phoebe DANN born 2 Jan 1828 (Par.422/34/2/127)
[Phoebe DANN married 27 June 1835 at Mayfield, John WICKHAM, widower].
Alfred Field son of Phoebe DANN, spinster, baptised 8 February 1829.”²

So according to Phoebe, Alfred Field Dann is her son by Joseph Field, which at least explains the middle name. But where does the Wickham link come from? Is it via Joseph Field or Phoebe Dann? It turns out there is a link via Phoebe herself³.

Phoebe Dann is the daughter of Thomas Dann and Jane Hobbs. Jane Hobbs is the daughter of William Hobbs and Elizabeth WICKHAM. Elizabeth Wickham is the daughter of Richard Wickham and Ann Colchin. She is also the sister of John Wickham, father of my 3xgreat-grandmother, Ruth Wickham, and grandfather of Phoebe's husband John Wickham, who is thus a second cousin of Phoebe Dann as well as her husband. So the MRCAs for my DNA Match and myself are (in the absence of any other link) Richard Wickham and Ann Colchin, and the DNA match and I are seventh cousins. Figure 2 shows the actual relationship.

Figure 2: An actual genetic link

I now have this information in my Ancestry tree, but the DNA Match does not appear as a ThruLine any more as it is eight generations back. I don’t mind, I value accuracy above ease.

This sort of multiple relationship can make sorting out DNA links complicated. Because of Phoebe’s Wickham ancestry, it would be easy to assume that all her children were fathered by her eventual husband, John Wickham. However any descendant of Phoebe Dann would show a Wickham link, as shown by the DNA Match of mine descended from Alfred Dann. Statistically though descendants of Phoebe by John Wickham would have the chance of a double dose of Wickham/Colchin DNA and average twice the amount of shared DNA compared to the descendants of Phoebe alone. The suggested link still appears on ThruLines for other DNA matches of mine who are descendants of Alfred Field Dann, hence the use of this example in a blog post.

Multiple marriages can also cause confusion, particularly for husbands who favour a particular given name in their wives. Another DNA match of mine traces their ancestry back to Jane Knight (1824-1904, daughter of Richard and Elizabeth Knight)¹. In their tree they identify Elizabeth Knight with Elizabeth Rolph (1810-1855, married Richard Knight in 1830) and our MRCAs to be William Rolph (1787-1860) and Sarah Borders (1789-1869). (This match is part of a large genetic network of Rolph/Borders descendants.) However this identification would make Elizabeth Rolph only 14 years old when Jane was born (and occurs six years before the Knight-Rolph marriage). Of course the answer is that Richard Knight had a previous marriage (to Elizabeth Stapleton (1799-1828) and Jane is the child of this marriage. Jane cannot then carry the Rolph/Borders genes, so where is the link?

Looking at the family tree we find that Jane Knight's son, Daniel Filler (1851-1928) married Phoebe Philpott (1853-1902). Phoebe Philpott is the daughter of Eliza Knight (1832-1914), the granddaughter of Elizabeth Rolph (1810-1855) and thus half-cousin of Daniel Filler. So it is Eliza Knight (half sister of Jane Knight) who carries the Rolph/Borders genes and is the actual link back to William Rolph (1787-1860) and Sarah Borders (1789-1869)³.

Figure 3: How incorrect trees can confuse ThruLines

Figure 3 shows the situation with the red dashed lines showing the genetic link as currently suggested by ThruLines and the green lines showing the actual genetic link, confirming the Rolph-Borders marriage as the MRCAs. Of course there is also a possibility of other, as yet undiscovered, links particularly in the sort of small, country villages inhabited by both the above examples.

The moral of this post is to always, ALWAYS double check anything in an online tree or suggested tree. Check for supporting documentation, check for reasonableness, check for alternative possibilities.

Sources

1. Ancestry ThruLines for Susan Law (https://www.ancestry.com.au/discoveryui-geneticfamily/thrulines/080AB020-82F7-4145-BC9C-3BF177830102?filterBy=all).
2. Burchall, Michael J. East Sussex Bastardy Papers 1594-1845 (CD ROM). Edited by The Parish Register Transcription Society. Lewes, UK: Sussex Family History Group, 2009.
3. Susan Law's Ancestry Tree (https://www.ancestry.com.au/family-tree/tree/52067358/family?cfpid=13296141854). Private tree, access by request.

Migration from Rural East Sussex circa 1840

 This is an expanded version of a 1000-word essay written for a study Unit on migration, part of a Diploma of Family History at the University of Tasmania. The essay was to be about “the migration journey of an individual ancestor or family group”. The essay was a sort of follow-up to an essay on convict transportation for an earlier Diploma Unit which looked at transportation of convicts from East Sussex to Tasmania in the 1830s and 1840s.

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 My spouse’s great-grandmother, Emily Apps, was the granddaughter of two couples (William Apps and Philadelpia Foots, Charles Butcher and Elizabeth Chapman) who migrated from East Sussex in 1839 (Figure 1).^1,2 Both couples had relatives on the ships they arrived in. Philadelphia Apps had a sister, an uncle and two cousins on the Florist and Elizabeth Butcher had a brother on the Susan.³ There was a high percentage of Sussex-born passengers on both these ships (95% of the migrants on the Florist originated in Sussex).⁴

Figure 1: The English-born antecedents of Emily Apps.^1,2

  Both couples settled in the Macarthur region of the colony.^2,5-7 Later the families intermarried: two of Charles’ daughters married sons of William Apps and a third married a Chapman cousin.^8,9 The fourth daughter married William Apps himself after both were widowed.¹⁰ Of the other offspring of William Apps, Harriet and Seymour respectively married Samuel and Caroline Friend, offspring of Thomas and Mary Friend who migrated from East Sussex in 1841, and Reuben married his cousin Mary Foots who migrated in 1859.^11-14 Thus all of Charles Butcher’s daughters and five of William Apps’ nine adult offspring eventually married people with East Sussex roots. All the adult offspring of both the Butchers and the Appses eventually left the Macarthur district and moved to the Southern Highlands, the Goulburn Plains and beyond.¹⁵ How typical was their experience of Sussex migrants at this time?

 By the late 1830s rural Sussex had been struggling economically for over 20 years.^16,17 The drop in demand for produce at the end of the Napoleonic Wars meant that the dependence of agricultural labourers on employment for subsistence (a result of enclosure) began to be felt.^18,17 Combined with the steady mechanisation of agricultural processes, this led to high levels of poverty, unemployment and unrest.^19,20 In the absence of industrial development to provide alternative employment, parish rates had to be dramatically increased to support the unemployed. The answer was to encourage emigration.¹⁷

 The importance of migration as a solution to unemployment was shown by the inclusion of a clause authorising the use of parish rates to assist migration in the 1834 Poor Law Act.^21,22 The numbers of people assisted by each parish had to be reported to the Poor Law Commissioners for publishing in the Commission’s annual reports.²³ While it is estimated that only 5.4% of migrants received parish assistance, these figures give a snapshot of the differences in rates of migration between areas in England and Wales.^24,25 In the years 1835-40 34% of such migrants were primarily from Kent and Sussex.^23,26 In Sussex assistance rates were greatest in the extreme east of the County, the native area of the Butchers and the Appses (Figure 2).²³

Figure 2: Numbers assisted by Sussex Poor Law Unions 1835-1843.²³

  Meanwhile the Macarthur area of New South Wales had been settled between 1805 and 1816 by large grants to wealthy free settlers. These formed a “squattocracy” whose economy was supported by low-cost convict labour.^27,28,29 An important point about convict labour is the continual turnover in the workforce. As convicts were emancipated, fresh convicts were required to replace them. By the late 1820s New South Wales was “importing” ~3,000 male convicts per year.³⁰ The need for land for the emancipated convicts and new free settlers was also driving the expansion of settlement into the Southern Highlands and Goulburn Plains, the town of Goulburn being established in 1833.^27,31,32

 In New South Wales, opposition to convict transportation grew steadily with the growth of the free population in the 1830s.^33,34 Additionally, most free migrants to New South Wales primarily aimed to be wealthy gentry or entrepreneurs.^35,34,36 The cost of travel to the colony was prohibitive for the free migrant workers required by such landholders and businessmen.^34,17 If or when transportation ended another way would have to be found to supply servants and labourers to the wealthy. In 1835 Governor Bourke proposed the subsidisation of the cost of the voyage to New South Wales for selected migrants with desirable skills and a minimum outfit.³⁷ In 1838 the assignment of convicts to the private sector ceased.^37,38,34 The migrants to replace the convicts were selected by agents in England.²⁴ Sussex had initially used the parish assistance scheme to assist with travel costs to Canada.²³ With colonial subsidies for travel they started assisting by outfitting prospective migrants for New South Wales with ~250 migrants assisted in 1838 and nearly 500 in 1839 (Figure 3). Given the low percentage of migrants subsidised this is indicative of high levels of migration from Sussex in these years.²⁵ Parish support continued in later years but at a lower level. The Appses and the Butchers were part of this migration boom.

Figure 3: Number of migrants assisted per month by Sussex Parishes.²³

 The intermarriage between families originating in East Sussex was not limited to the Appses and Butchers. Another of the Friend offspring married Caroline Funnell who had also arrived in NSW from East Sussex on the Florist in 1839.^39,40,41 Altogether I have found 16 families or individuals related to my spouse by blood or marriage who arrived in Australia from East Sussex between 1838 and 1841.⁴² Of these sixteen arrivals, fourteen initially settled in the Macarthur or Southern Highlands region. Of the families which settled elsewhere there were no marriages to persons with Sussex-born origins. Like the Appses and Butchers, most of the offspring of the Macarthur families eventually settled further south and west, beyond the Great Dividing Range (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Early residence in NSW of the migrant families (green pins) and the final working residence of their offspring (yellow pins). Pin size reflects the number of offspring in a location (maximum is 11). Two offspring moved to the Far North Coast.⁴²

 In conclusion the Appses and Butchers were part of a migration boom from East Sussex driven by long term unemployment. This occurred at a time of major economic change in NSW caused by the phasing out of convict labour. The migration of poor labourers was enabled by assistance schemes covering the cost of the voyage, with numerous migrants selected for agricultural skills.  Many of these replaced convict labour in the “squattocracy” of the Macarthur region. Large numbers of families from East Sussex in a relatively small area meant that intermarriage between families from Sussex was common. However, as their offspring grew up they found themselves in the same situation their parents had been in in Sussex and took the same solution, migration. Most moved south and west to the Goulburn Plains and beyond to areas where there was less European settlement and more opportunity for property ownership.

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