A Family at War - The Ings Family of Breadalbane

This is a slightly rewritten version of an essay completed to fulfill a requirement of a Unit HAA107 in the Diploma of Family History at the University of Tasmania. It is built around the WWI experiences of my husband's grandfather.

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Cecil William Ings was a fortunate man, surviving two years of WWI in France in a heavily engaged battalion without any physical injuries or illnesses. After the war, despite being warmly welcomed back into his rural community and workplace, he nevertheless chose to leave and create a new life in the city.

Cecil’s grandfather, Silas Ings migrated to Australia with his family in 1856, joining relatives in Picton.^1,2 Between 1858 and 1869 The Great Southern Railway (GSR) between Campbelltown and Goulburn was under construction.³ There are indications that Silas was involved in the work. His youngest son, Edwin, was born in 1865 at “Soapy Flat” west of Jellore State Forest, where Silas held a timber licence in 1866 (sleepers for the railway?).^4,5 For whatever reason, the Ingses became a “railway family”, with all three of Silas' sons who survived to adulthood working as fettlers on the GSR.^{6 p xi,7-9} (Note that Paul Ings, great-grandson of Silas, continued the tradition and finally retired as a locomotive driver in 2011.^9,10)

Edwin was mainly based on the GSR between Goulburn and Junee, and in 1891 he married Emma Apps in Breadalbane. However their first child, Silas, was born at Gerogery, possibly in a tent in the goods yard.^{11,12,6 pp84-7} After that the family based themselves at Breadalbane near Emma’s family.^13-14 As a fettler Edwin would have spent long periods away from home and being near family would have helped Emma.^{6 pp 91-9} Cecil was their third son, born 1895.¹⁴ Then, Emma died in 1898 and Edwin would have needed her family’s support to continue working as a fettler while raising three young sons.^15-16 In 1900 Edwin married for a second time to Leah Worner, one of Emma’s cousins on her paternal, Apps, side.^17-18

William and Philadelphia Apps were among the early assisted migrants to NSW, arriving in 1839 and settling in Parkesbourne.¹⁹ Of their offspring, four sons and three daughters married and settled locally. Consequently, Cecil was related to a large fraction of the close-knit communities around Breadalbane.¹⁸ Rather than follow his Apps relations into farming, he followed his father and two Ings uncles into Railway employment as a Probationer at Breadalbane Station in 1910 and by 1915 was promoted to porter at Moss Vale station.^20,21

When Australia went to war in August 1914, unless you lived in one of the capital cities, enlistment involved a long journey.^{22 p 6} During the call for reinforcements after Gallipolli, Cecil’s older brother, Percy, travelled to Liverpool to enlist in July 1915, embarking for Egypt in November.^{23,24,25 p 1}

In August 1915, the Goulburn Military Camp was established.²⁶ With permission from his father and leave of absence from the Railway, Cecil, age 20, enlisted there on 5th December following brother Percy into the A.I.F..^{27,28 p 1}

Figure 1: Cecil Ings (left) after enlistment. (Photo in possession of Alan Law, used with permission.)

Percy arrived in Suez on 11 December 1915 and on 23 March 1916 was transferred to the 8th Machine Gun company.^{25 p 5} After completing training, the company embarked for France, arriving on 23 June. That same day Cecil, having completed basic training, embarked in Sydney with the 3rd reinforcements 55th Battalion.^{29,25 p 11} Percy’s company arrived at Morbeque on 28th June.²⁹ On 10 July his brigade took over trenches in the front-line at Bois Grenier.²⁹ Then, on 19th July the 5th Australian Division attacked towards the German positions at Fromelles and on 20th July 1916 Percy was killed in action while his company was covering the divisional retreat.^{30 chs 7 & 8, 29, 25 p 3} He had been on the front-line for ten days. Cecil was still at sea.

Figure 2: Memorial Photo of Pte. P. E. Ings. (Sydney Morning Herald, Tues 3 Oct 1916, page 3.)

Back in Australia, Edwin  received notification of Percy's death by telegram from the A.I.F.'s London HQ on 12th August 1916.³¹ One wonders how he would have felt with Percy dying so rapidly and Cecil, still not 21, approaching England and headed for the Western Front. Edwin wrote to the A.I.F. asking for details of Percy’s death. In response he was told merely that it was probably during "recent operations" in France. Later he was informed that Percy was buried in Sailly-sur-la-Lys Cemetery.^{25 pp 16 & 27} We do not know when Cecil learnt of his brother's death, but it was probably not until he received a letter from his father later in the year. For example in a published letter from Pte. J. M. McLean in England dated 29 November 1916 to Mr & Mrs C. Apps (uncle and aunt of Cecil), Pte. McLean stated he hadn’t learned of Percy’s death until he received Mrs Apps’s recent letter.³²

Cecil arrived at Plymouth 25th Aug 1916 and would have entrained for the A.I.F. training grounds on Salisbury Plain.^33,34 By 11th November he had been transferred to the 35th Battalion (“Newcastle’s Own”) along with three other recruits from the Breadalbane area.^{27 p 4,35} He may have felt lonely as the 35th Battalion was, at this time, definitely a Newcastle miner’s battalion.^{34 8-10 Mar 1920} We have no indication to which company Cecil was allotted, and no indication of what duties he performed.^{28 p 4, 36} On 21st November the battalion embarked for France.^{28 p 4&11,34}

A company in an A.I.F. Battalion was a self-contained unit. All the manual work of day to day life from fighting to trench-digging to cooking to sanitation was done by the privates.^{37 pp 48-74, 38 ch 3} Generally communication was by “runner” (another private) so when a company was in the front line, Company HQ was perforce also close to the line and Battalion HQ with the reserve company was not far behind.^{36 p8} The Company cooks brought their wagon as close to the line as possible so the food would at least be warm after being carried on foot by ration teams to the men in front line positions.^{34 16 & 27 Mar 1920} When on front line duty, everyone in the Battalion was within range of the guns, the bombers and German breakthroughs.^{34 10 & 13 Apr 1920}

The Battalion fought at Messines and Passchendaele. They successfully defended Villers-Bretonneux against the first German Attack on 4th April 1918 and captured Bray and Chapeau-de-Gendarmes during the advance on the Hindenburg Line.^39,34 During the crisis at Villers-Bretonneux “every Tom, Dick and Harry in the place - cooks, batmen, bandsmen, sanitary men, headquarters' staffs, everyone, were collected” and “the motley crowd from the town” fought in the counter attack.^{34 1 Apr 1920} Before the attack on Chapeau-de-Gendarme the cooks brought their noisy wagon right up to the attack assembly point to provide hot tea for the attackers, terrifying the attackers lest the Germans be alerted by the noise (though they were grateful for the hot tea).^{34 19 Apr 1920}

Apart from one short period of leave Cecil was with his Company from 11th November 1916 to 11th November 1918.^{28 p 11}

After the armistice, the A.I.F. was billeted in towns well away from the front.^{34 1-5 May 1920} The Battalions were broken up into “quotas” for repatriation, seemingly losing men in a rather random fashion. During this time Cecil was promoted to “Temporary Corporal” on 27 Jan 1919. He marched out of the Battalion with No. 51 Quota and on 3rd July boarded the “Prinz Hubertus” for the trip back to Australia.^{28 p11-12} He arrived home at Breadalbane Railway Station on 31st August, his twenty-fourth birthday.⁴⁰

There was a major welcoming parade on the day he arrived, and a family party a few days later. At these events he was presented with “a suitable gold medal” and “a gold albert” respectively.⁴⁰ On 5th December 1919 he was back at work on the Railway, based at Goulburn.²⁷ But on 26th May 1920 he resigned from Railway service and in the 1921 Sands Directory his address is given as Railway Parade, South Granville.^27,41 Why?

Figure 3: First Marriage of Cecil Ings. (Photo in possession of Alan Law, used with permission.)

Cecil was a typical A.I.F. volunteer, with close ties to England via his father’s family. Silas Ings (the immigrant) had seven grandsons of an age to enlist and four did so.⁴² Cecil probably enlisted in emulation of his older brother, Percy. He was not ashamed of his part in the war with the gold albert and medal on proud display in photos of his first wedding (see Figure 3). He also re-enlisted in 1939 and served in WWII.^{28 p 1} He maintained good, ongoing relationships with his family, his daughter, Betty having many fond memories of holidays with the Ings and Apps families at Breadalbane.⁴³ There may, however, have been an issue with his father.⁴⁴ There are indications Edwin could not let go of Percy’s memory. For example, in March 1921 Edwin ordered fifteen copies of the official photograph of Percy’s grave.^{25 pp 19-21} Could this, in such close-knit home and working communities, have led Cecil to feel guilty about surviving, causing him to break away from his former life and build a new life in Sydney or could he just not settle down again? Cecil displayed no overt mental damage from his war experiences, marrying twice and having five children who survived to adulthood from these marriages.⁴⁵ He lived to the ripe age of eighty-one, dying in 1976.⁴⁶

Sources

1. NSW State Archives: Persons on bounty ships to Sydney, Newcastle and Moreton Bay (Board's Immigrant Lists), NRS-5317 (Archives Resources Kit Reel 2474), Record for Silas Ings arrived 27 Jun 1856.
2. NSW State Archives: Persons on bounty ships (Agent's Immigrant Lists) NRS-5316 (Archives Resources Kit Reel 2138), Record for Silas Ings arrived 27 Jun 1856.
3. William A. Bayley, Picton-Mittagong Loop-Line Railway, Austrail Publications,  Bulli,1974, p. 10ff.; NSWrailnet, 'Main South Line', https://www.nswrail.net/lines/show.php?name=NSW:main_south, accessed 5 Sep 2020.
4. Birth Certificate of Edwin Ings, born 15 Feb 1865, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1865/005968.
5. 'Timber Licences', New South Wales Government Gazette, 11 Jan 1867, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article225472413.
6. Robin Bromby, Australian Railways: Their Life and Times, Highgate Publishing, Edgecliff, 2013, p. xi.
7. 'List of Persons employed in the Railways and Tramways on the 31st December 1893', New South Wales Government Gazette, 27 Jun 1894, p. 4127, Ancestry, accessed 16 Aug 2020, entry for Richard Ings.
8. 'List of Persons employed in the Railways and Tramways on the 31st December 1893', New South Wales Government Gazette, 27 Jun 1894, p. 4127, Ancestry, accessed 16 Aug 2020, entry for Silas Ings.
9. 'List of Persons employed in the Railways and Tramways on the 31st December 1893', New South Wales Government Gazette, 27 Jun 1894, p. 4126, Ancestry, accessed 16 Aug 2020, entry for Edwin Ings.
10. Louis Thrower, 'Last call of duty after 51 years', Goulburn Post, 2 Oct 2011, https://www.goulburnpost.com.au/story/972711/last-call-of-duty-after-51-years/, accessed 3 Sep 2020.
11. Marriage Certificate of Edwin Ings and Emma Apps, married 25 Jun 1891, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1891/002078.
12. Birth Certificate of Silas Ings, born 9 Oct 1891, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 16902/1891.
13. Birth Certificate of Percy Edwin Ings, born 3 Jul 1893, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 3977/1893.
14. Birth Certificate of Cecil William Ings, born 31 Aug 1895, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1895/021861.
15. Death Certificate of Emma Ings, died 12 Apr 1898, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1898/005459.
16. 'Breadalbane', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 21 Apr 1898, p. 4, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98677697.
17. Marriage Certificate of Edwin Ings and Leah Fanny Worner, married 3 Jan 1900, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1900/001343.
18. G. Weatherstone, Parkesbourne : A Journey into the Past, G. Weatherstone, Gunning, 1986.
19. NSW State Archives: Persons on government ships NRS-5313 (Archives Resources Kit Reel 1309), Record for William & Philadelpia Apps arrived 26 Oct 1839.
20. NSW State Archives: Railway Personal History Cards - Employees born before 1900 NRS-12922, Employment record for Cecil William Ings.
21. 'Presentation at Breadalbane', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 1 May 1915, p. 1, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98837499.
22. Bill Gammage, The Broken Years : Australian Soldiers in the Great War, Melbourne University Publishing, Melbourne, 2010.
23. K. H. Jobson, 'First AIF Enlistment Patterns and Reasons for Their Variation', Australian Defence Force Journal, no. 132, 1998, pp. 61–66.
24. 'Presentation and Send-off', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 22 Jul 1915, p. 2, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98842870.
25. Service record of Percy Edwin Ings, First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914–1920, National Archives of Australia, B2455, INGS PERCY EDWIN, p. 1.
26. 'The Depot Camp', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 14 Aug 1915, p. 2, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98843726.
27. NSW State Archives: Railway Personal History Cards - Employees born before 1900 NRS-12922, Service record of Cecil William Ings.
28. First Australian Imperial Force Personnel Dossiers, 1914–1920, National Archives of Australia, B2455, INGS CECIL WILLIAM.
29. War Diary, 8th Machine Gun Company, A.I.F., June 1916, Unit and Commander's War Diaries, First World War, Australian War Memorial, AWM4 24/13.
30. Charles Bean (Ed), Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918, Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 1921-42, https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1416844, Volume III, Chs. 7 & 8
31. 'Pte. Percy Ings Killed', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 12 Aug 1916, p. 2, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98896860.
32. 'Pte. J. M. McLean', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 3 Feb 1917 p. 2, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98878504.
33. Graham Wilson, 'The Relevance of Miscellany Administrative, Support and Logistic Units of the AIF', Sabretache, vol. 44, no. 1, 2003, p. 58-9.
34. M. E. Lyne, 'Newcastle’s Own: The Story of the Battalion', Newcastle Sun, Mar 8 1920 - May 8 1920, sec. Serial, Trove, accessed 26 Jul 1920, 9 Mar 1920 & 10 Mar 1920.
35. 'Soldier's Letter', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 9 Jan 1917 p. 4, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98878504.
36. War Diary, 35th Battalion, A.I.F., Unit and Commander's War Diaries, First World War, Australian War Memorial, AWM4 23/52.
37. Robert Stevenson, 'The Battalion: The AIF Infantry Battalion and Its Evolution', in Jean Bou (Ed) The AIF in Battle: How the Australian Imperial Force Fought 1914-1918, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 2016.
38. Gordon Corrigan, Mud, Blood and Poppycock, London, Cassell Military Paperbacks, 2004.
39. Australian War Memorial, '35th Australian Infantery Battalion', https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51475, accessed 26 Jul 2020.
40. 'District News: Breadalbane', Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 6 Sep 1919, p. 4, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article98837499.
41. Sands Sydney, Suburban and Country Commercial Directory 1921, Sydney, 1921.
42. Alan Law, 'Alan Law Pedigree View - Ancestry.Com', https://www.ancestry.com.au/family-tree/tree/15522224/family?cfpid=275486378, accessed June 27, 2020.
43. Personal communication, Betty Mary Law nee Ings to Susan Hilary Law, conversations, 1975-2017.
44. Kathryn M. Hunter, 'Australian and New Zealand Fathers and Sons during the Great War: Expanding the Histories of Families at War', First World War Studies, vol. 4, no. 2, 2013.
45. Personal communication, Alan Raymond Law to Susan Hilary Law, conversations, 1975-2017.
46. Death Certificate of Cecil William Ings, died 29 Dec 1976, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1977/000485.

Migration from Rural East Sussex circa 1840

 This is an expanded version of a 1000-word essay written for a study Unit on migration, part of a Diploma of Family History at the University of Tasmania. The essay was to be about “the migration journey of an individual ancestor or family group”. The essay was a sort of follow-up to an essay on convict transportation for an earlier Diploma Unit which looked at transportation of convicts from East Sussex to Tasmania in the 1830s and 1840s.

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 My spouse’s great-grandmother, Emily Apps, was the granddaughter of two couples (William Apps and Philadelpia Foots, Charles Butcher and Elizabeth Chapman) who migrated from East Sussex in 1839 (Figure 1).^1,2 Both couples had relatives on the ships they arrived in. Philadelphia Apps had a sister, an uncle and two cousins on the Florist and Elizabeth Butcher had a brother on the Susan.³ There was a high percentage of Sussex-born passengers on both these ships (95% of the migrants on the Florist originated in Sussex).⁴

Figure 1: The English-born antecedents of Emily Apps.^1,2

  Both couples settled in the Macarthur region of the colony.^2,5-7 Later the families intermarried: two of Charles’ daughters married sons of William Apps and a third married a Chapman cousin.^8,9 The fourth daughter married William Apps himself after both were widowed.¹⁰ Of the other offspring of William Apps, Harriet and Seymour respectively married Samuel and Caroline Friend, offspring of Thomas and Mary Friend who migrated from East Sussex in 1841, and Reuben married his cousin Mary Foots who migrated in 1859.^11-14 Thus all of Charles Butcher’s daughters and five of William Apps’ nine adult offspring eventually married people with East Sussex roots. All the adult offspring of both the Butchers and the Appses eventually left the Macarthur district and moved to the Southern Highlands, the Goulburn Plains and beyond.¹⁵ How typical was their experience of Sussex migrants at this time?

 By the late 1830s rural Sussex had been struggling economically for over 20 years.^16,17 The drop in demand for produce at the end of the Napoleonic Wars meant that the dependence of agricultural labourers on employment for subsistence (a result of enclosure) began to be felt.^18,17 Combined with the steady mechanisation of agricultural processes, this led to high levels of poverty, unemployment and unrest.^19,20 In the absence of industrial development to provide alternative employment, parish rates had to be dramatically increased to support the unemployed. The answer was to encourage emigration.¹⁷

 The importance of migration as a solution to unemployment was shown by the inclusion of a clause authorising the use of parish rates to assist migration in the 1834 Poor Law Act.^21,22 The numbers of people assisted by each parish had to be reported to the Poor Law Commissioners for publishing in the Commission’s annual reports.²³ While it is estimated that only 5.4% of migrants received parish assistance, these figures give a snapshot of the differences in rates of migration between areas in England and Wales.^24,25 In the years 1835-40 34% of such migrants were primarily from Kent and Sussex.^23,26 In Sussex assistance rates were greatest in the extreme east of the County, the native area of the Butchers and the Appses (Figure 2).²³

Figure 2: Numbers assisted by Sussex Poor Law Unions 1835-1843.²³

  Meanwhile the Macarthur area of New South Wales had been settled between 1805 and 1816 by large grants to wealthy free settlers. These formed a “squattocracy” whose economy was supported by low-cost convict labour.^27,28,29 An important point about convict labour is the continual turnover in the workforce. As convicts were emancipated, fresh convicts were required to replace them. By the late 1820s New South Wales was “importing” ~3,000 male convicts per year.³⁰ The need for land for the emancipated convicts and new free settlers was also driving the expansion of settlement into the Southern Highlands and Goulburn Plains, the town of Goulburn being established in 1833.^27,31,32

 In New South Wales, opposition to convict transportation grew steadily with the growth of the free population in the 1830s.^33,34 Additionally, most free migrants to New South Wales primarily aimed to be wealthy gentry or entrepreneurs.^35,34,36 The cost of travel to the colony was prohibitive for the free migrant workers required by such landholders and businessmen.^34,17 If or when transportation ended another way would have to be found to supply servants and labourers to the wealthy. In 1835 Governor Bourke proposed the subsidisation of the cost of the voyage to New South Wales for selected migrants with desirable skills and a minimum outfit.³⁷ In 1838 the assignment of convicts to the private sector ceased.^37,38,34 The migrants to replace the convicts were selected by agents in England.²⁴ Sussex had initially used the parish assistance scheme to assist with travel costs to Canada.²³ With colonial subsidies for travel they started assisting by outfitting prospective migrants for New South Wales with ~250 migrants assisted in 1838 and nearly 500 in 1839 (Figure 3). Given the low percentage of migrants subsidised this is indicative of high levels of migration from Sussex in these years.²⁵ Parish support continued in later years but at a lower level. The Appses and the Butchers were part of this migration boom.

Figure 3: Number of migrants assisted per month by Sussex Parishes.²³

 The intermarriage between families originating in East Sussex was not limited to the Appses and Butchers. Another of the Friend offspring married Caroline Funnell who had also arrived in NSW from East Sussex on the Florist in 1839.^39,40,41 Altogether I have found 16 families or individuals related to my spouse by blood or marriage who arrived in Australia from East Sussex between 1838 and 1841.⁴² Of these sixteen arrivals, fourteen initially settled in the Macarthur or Southern Highlands region. Of the families which settled elsewhere there were no marriages to persons with Sussex-born origins. Like the Appses and Butchers, most of the offspring of the Macarthur families eventually settled further south and west, beyond the Great Dividing Range (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Early residence in NSW of the migrant families (green pins) and the final working residence of their offspring (yellow pins). Pin size reflects the number of offspring in a location (maximum is 11). Two offspring moved to the Far North Coast.⁴²

 In conclusion the Appses and Butchers were part of a migration boom from East Sussex driven by long term unemployment. This occurred at a time of major economic change in NSW caused by the phasing out of convict labour. The migration of poor labourers was enabled by assistance schemes covering the cost of the voyage, with numerous migrants selected for agricultural skills.  Many of these replaced convict labour in the “squattocracy” of the Macarthur region. Large numbers of families from East Sussex in a relatively small area meant that intermarriage between families from Sussex was common. However, as their offspring grew up they found themselves in the same situation their parents had been in in Sussex and took the same solution, migration. Most moved south and west to the Goulburn Plains and beyond to areas where there was less European settlement and more opportunity for property ownership.

Sources

1. Baptism certificate of Emily Apps, born 11 February 1867, Thomas Apps, born 9 November 1844, Ellen Butcher, born 18 December 1846, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 5826 Vol: 121C, 1634 Vol: 30a, 2889 Vol: 32a.
2. New South Wales State Archives, NRS-5314 Entitlement certificates of persons on bounty ships, unpaginated, Entitlement Certificates for William & Philadelphia Apps, 1839 and for Charles & Elizabeth Butcher, 1839, Ancestry.com, ‘New South Wales, Australia, Assisted Immigrant Passenger Lists, 1828-1896’, accessed 18 Apr 2021.
3. New South Wales State Archives, NRS-5314 Entitlement certificates of persons on bounty ships, unpaginated, Entitlement Certificate for Thomas & Elizabeth Selmes, 1839, for Edward Britt & daughter Jane, 1839, for John & Ann Venness, 1839 and for William & Harriet Chapman, 1839, Ancestry.com, ‘New South Wales, Australia, Assisted Immigrant Passenger Lists, 1828-1896’, accessed 18 Apr 2021.
4. New South Wales State Archives, 'Passenger List for Florist, 26 Oct 1839', https://indexes.records.nsw.gov.au/ebook/list.aspx?series=NRS5313&item=4_4780&ship=Florist, accessed 25 Apr 2021.
5. New South Wales State Archives, NRS-12937 Registers of baptisms, burials and marriages 1878-1856, Transcript of Registers of St Peter's Church Campbelltown, page 97, baptism entry of Agnes Butcher, baptised 19 April 1840, page 98, baptism entry of Elizabeth Apps, baptised 3 May 1840, page 108, baptism entry of Julia Butcher, baptised 4 July 1841, page 105, baptism entry of Harriet Apps, baptised September 1842, page 123, baptism entry of Seymour Apps, baptised 28 March 1847, page 210, baptism entry of Mary Anne Apps, baptised 23 September 1849, page 227, baptism entry of John Apps, baptised 25 January 1852, page 293, baptism entry of Julia Apps, baptised 15 September 1853, page 386, baptism entry of Charles Apps, baptised 23 September 1855, page 229 and burial entry of Julia Apps, buried 21 February 1855, ARK Reel 5006-5015.
6. New South Wales State Archives, NRS-12937 Registers of baptisms, burials and marriages 1878-1856, Transcript of Registers of St Thomas' Chapel Narellan, page 89, burial entry of Agnes Butcher, buried 6 May 1840, ARK Reel 5006.
7. New South Wales State Archives, NRS-12937 Registers of baptisms, burials and marriages 1878-1856, Transcript of Registers of St John's Church Camden, page 133, baptism entry of Emma Butcher, baptised 2 June 1844, page 100 and baptism entry of Alfred Butcher, baptised 15 July 1849, ARK Reel 5008-5010.
8. Marriage certificates of William Apps and Julia Butcher, married 19 January 1860 and of Thomas Apps and Ellen Butcher, married 17 October 1870, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1860/001467.
9. Marriage entry for George Chapman and Emma Butcher, married 30 December 1861, Marriage Register of St Paul's Church Emu Plains, page 185, Sydney Diocesan Archives, Anglican Church Diocese of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Ancestry, Sydney, Australia, Anglican Parish Registers, 1814-2011, accessed 30 April 2021.
10. Marriage certificate of William Apps and Sarah Ferguson, married 3 Apr 1889, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1881/002810.
11. Marriage certificates of Seymour Apps and Caroline Friend, married 23 September 1874 and of Samuel John Friend and Harriet Apps, married 8 May 1862, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 2452/1874, 1734/1862.
12. New South Wales State Archives, NRS-5314 Entitlement certificates of persons on bounty ships, unpaginated, Entitlement Certificate for Thomas & Mary Friend, 1841, Ancestry.com, ‘New South Wales, Australia, Assisted Immigrant Passenger Lists, 1828-1896’, accessed 18 Apr 2021.
13. Marriage certificate of Reuben Apps and Mary Foots, married 7 April 1859, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1859/001680.
14. New South Wales State Archives, NRS-5316 Persons on bounty ships (Agent's Immigrant Lists), unpaginated, Passenger List for "Daphne" arrived NSW 16 January 1859, Ancestry.com, ‘New South Wales, Australia, Assisted Immigrant Passenger Lists, 1828-1896’, accessed 18 Apr 2021.
15. Death certificates of William Apps, died 14 June 1911, of Reuben Apps, died 28 June 1898, of Elizabeth Worner, died 17 May 1915, of Harriet Friend, died 5 July 1930, of Thomas Apps, died 5 August 1911, of Seymour Apps, died 8 March 1917, of Mary Ann Headland, died 15 Jan 1925, of John Apps, died 23 April 1872, of Charles Apps, died 18 August 1946, of Sarah Apps, died 29 January 1889, of Julia Apps, died 9 May 1913, of Emma Chapman, died 27 Aug 1917, of Ellen Apps, died 26 November 1896, and of Alfred Butcher, died 27 Jul 1915, Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, New South Wales, 1911/008334, 1898/005461, 7806/1915, 14339/1930, 1911/010077, 3626/1917, 2736/1925, 4071/1872, 17434/1946, 1889/006574, 9561/1913, 13345/1917, 1896/013565, 12943/1915.
16. Ernle, Lord, English Farming Past and Present, 2nd ed. London; New York; Bombay; Calcutta; Madras, Longmans, Green and Co., 1919, Gale eBooks. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/U0112885030/MOME?u=nla&sid=MOME&xid=95a384e4.
17. Richards, Eric, 'West Sussex and the Rural South', in Richards, Eric, The Genesis of International Mass Migration The British Case, 1750-1900, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2018.
18. Neeson, J. M., Commoners: Common Right, Enclosure and Social Change in England, 1700-1820, Chapter 10, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
19. Hammond, J. I., and Hammond, Barbara, The Village Labourer 1760-1832, Chapter 11, London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1913.
20. Clark, Gregory, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World, Page 286, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2007.
21. The Parliament of Great Britain, 'Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain', 1834 Public General Act, 4&5 William IV, c. 76, Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_HL_PO_PU_1_1834_4and5W4n220, Accessed 3 July 2020.
22. The Workhouse, 'Pauper Emigration under the New Poor Law', http://www.workhouses.org.uk/emigration/, Accessed 12 June 2020.
23. Poor Law Commissioners, Annual Reports of the Poor Law Commissioners for England and Wales, London. Poor Law Commission Office, 1835-1847, HathiTrust Digital Library, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000059849.
24. Richards, Eric, 'How Did Poor People Emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the Nineteenth Century?', Journal of British Studies, Vol. 32, no. 3, 1993, pp. 250–79.
25. Haines, Robin, “‘The Idle and the Drunken Won’t Do There’: Poverty, the New Poor Law and Nineteenth-Century Government-Assisted Emigration to Australia”, Australian Historical Studies, Vol. 28, no. 108, 1997, p. 1ff.
26. Shultz, Robert Joe, ‘The Assisted Immigrants, 1837-1850 : A Study of Some Aspects of the Characteristics and Origins of the Immigrants Assisted to New South Wales and the Port Phillip District, 1837-1850’, PhD Thesis, Canberra, Australian National University, 1971.
27. Wotherspoon, Garry, Dictionary of Sydney, 'The road south-west', 2011, http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/the_road_south_west, viewed 11 Jun 2021.
28. Robinson, Steve, Dictionary of Sydney, 'Camden West', 2008, http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/camden_west, viewed 11 Jun 2021.
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